Diseases of the circulatory System-heart rhythm disorders

Ang arteryal na hypertension o hypertension ay isang kondisyon ng patuloy na systolic at diastolic na presyon ng dugo, kung saan ang mga sukatan ay lumalagpas sa 140/90 mmHg. Ang mataas na presyon ay nagpapakita ng mga hindi komportableng sintomas.

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Diseases of the circulatory system: heart rhythm disordersHeart rhythm disturbances, and arrhythmias referred to, constitute an important group of diseases of the cardiovascular system. They are characterized by a deviation from the normal sinus rhythm in which the electrical pulses occur regularly in the sinus node and the coordinates are forwarded through the cardiac conduction system.PathophysiologyThe causes of heart rhythm disorders are varied and can occur at different levels of the electrical conduction system. The main pathophysiological mechanisms:Abnormalities of the automatic activity: changes in the spontaneous discharge capacity of the cells, in particular outside of the sinus node.Reentry mechanisms: Repeated through an electrical pulse through a closed circle route, which can lead to tachycardia.Delayed Nachdepolarisationen: Abnormal electrical activities that occur after the normal depolarization and precipitate arrhythmias.ClassificationArrhythmias are classified according to their origin and their effect on the heart rate:Bradyarrhythmias (slow heart rate):Sinus node dysfunctionAV blocks (grade I, II and III)Tachyarrhythmias (fast heart beat):Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutterParoxysmal supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)Ventricular Tachycardia and ventricular fibrillationSymptoms and clinical manifestationsThe clinical symptoms of heart rhythm disorders vary greatly and range from subjective complaints to life-threatening conditions. Typical signs are:Pounding Heart (Palpitations)Dizziness and fainting (syncope)Chest painShortness Of Breath (Dyspnea)sudden Circulatory collapse, severe arrhythmiasDiagnosticsThe diagnosis of arrhythmias using different methods:Eleuss electrocardiogram (ECG) shows the electrical activity of the heart to a certain point in time.Long‑term ECG (Holter Monitoring): continuous recording about 24-72 hours for the detection of paroxysmal occurring arrhythmias.Event recorder: for longer monitoring phase, with infrequent symptoms.Eleuss‑ and Stress‑echocardiography: assessment of cardiac structure and function.Eleuss and programmed electrophysiological study (EPU): for the exact localization of the arrhythmia source.Approaches to therapyThe therapeutic approach depends on the type and severity of the arrhythmia:Drug therapy: antiarrhythmics (class I–IV according to the Vaughan‑Williams), anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation for thromboembolism prophylaxis.Catheter ablation: purposeful destruction arrhythmogener herd by means of high-frequency energy.Implantation of pacemakers and defibrillators: to regulate the heart rhythm or to treat-threatening ventricular arrhythmias life.Life style modifications: reduction of alcohol, nicotine, caffeine; blood pressure and diabetes control.Forecast and preventionThe prognosis of cardiac arrhythmias depends on the underlying heart disease and the timely use of appropriate therapeutic measures. Early diagnosis and individually tailored therapy can reduce the risk of complications such as stroke, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death significantly.

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Ang presyon ng dugo ay isa sa mga pangunahing indikasyon ng kalusugan, na hindi lamang sumasalamin sa puso at sistema ng sirkulasyon, kundi pati na rin sa aktibidad ng mga bato, mga organo ng endokrin, paggawa ng dugo, at ng sistema ng nerbiyos. Kaya naman, walang isang unibersal na gamot laban sa mataas na presyon ng dugo. Hindi ka basta basta puwedeng pumunta sa botika at magtanong ng 'tableta para sa presyon,' kasi agad na tatanungin ng parmasyutiko – anong gamot ang nireseta sa iyo ng doktor? Ang mga tableta para pababain ang presyon ng dugo ay natural na nakakatulong para mabilis itong bumalik sa normal, pero inirerekomenda rin na baguhin ang pamumuhay. Ang malusog na pagkain, kontrol sa timbang, regular na ehersisyo, at pag-iwas sa paninigarilyo at alak ay magagandang paraan para maiwasan ang mataas na presyon ng dugo. Siguraduhing mas kaunting sodium (hal. asin) at mas maraming potassium (mga saging, spinach, broccoli) ang mapapasok sa katawan.